With the end of the Second World War and of the Manchu Country (Manchukuo) in 1945, and the return of Manchuria to China under the Kuomintang, Shinto was abolished and the shrines were destroyed. The pace of missionary activity increased considerably after the First Opium War in 1842. China officially espouses state atheism,[3] but in reality many Chinese citizens (including Communist Party members) practice some kind of Chinese folk religion. [345] Yao folk religion was described by a Chinese scholar of the half of the 20th century as an example of deep "Taoisation" (道教化 Dàojiàohuà). The two major festivals involving ancestor worship are the Qingming Festival and the Double Ninth Festival, but veneration of ancestors is held in many other ceremonies, including weddings, funerals, and triad initiations. Worshippers generally offer prayers through a jingxiang rite, with offerings of food, light incense and candles, and burning joss paper. They share elements that go back to the 4th century BCE and to the prehistoric culture of China, such as the School of Yin and Yang and the thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi. The study analysed the proportion of believers that were at the same time members of the local section of the Communist Party of China, finding that it was exceptionally high among the Taoists, while the lowest proportion was found among the Protestants. The expansion of Buddhism reached its peak during the Tang dynasty, in the 9th century, when Buddhist monasteries had become very rich and powerful. In the early twenty-first century there has been increasing official recognition of Confucianism and Chinese folk religion as part of China's cultural inheritance. Tangmi, together with the broader religious tradition of Tantrism (in Chinese: 怛特罗 Dátèluō or 怛特罗密教 Dátèluó mìjiào; which may include Hindu forms of religion)[86]:3 has undergone a revitalisation since the 1980s together with the overall revival of Buddhism. [343]:14–15, Two of the most important religious holidays are the Qiang New Year, falling on the 24th day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar (though now it is fixed on 1 October), and the Mountain Sacrifice Festival, held between the second and the sixth month of the lunar calendar. Theravada Buddhism spread from Myanmar to present day Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Simao, Lincang, and Baoshan, all in Yunnan, during the 6th and 7th century. |image3=Taoist Church influence in China (alternate).png|caption3=Taoism[167] The Hongwu Emperor even composed The Hundred-word Eulogy in praise of Muhammad. So sagte der chinesische Kaiser der Ming-Dynastie einst “Die drei Lehren sind eins”, was bedeutet, dass diese Lehren sich gegenseitig ergänzen und parallel zueinander bestehen.Daher rührt auch ein bekanntes Sprichwort: „Ein Chinese ist Konfuzianer wenn es ihm gut geht, er ist Daoist, wenn es ihm schlecht geht und er ist Buddhist im Angesicht des Todes.“ Daher werden in China bei Hochzeiten daoistische Priester bevorzugt, wohingegen zu einer Beerdigungen ein buddhistischer Mönch hinzugezogen wird. [373], In September 2018, the Holy See and the Chinese government signed the 2018 Holy See-China Agreement, a historic agreement concerning the appoinment of bishops in China. [303] What Confucianism did was to marginalise the features of old shamanism which were dysfunctional for the new political regime. Its article 36 states that:[95][96]. Sacrifices to the aobaoes are made offering slaughtered animals, joss sticks, and libations. Because many Han Chinese do not consider their spiritual beliefs and practices to be a "religion" and do not feel that they must practice any one of them exclusively, it is difficult to gather clear and reliable statistics. Confucianism advocates the worship of gods and ancestors through appropriate rites. Benzhuism (本主教 Běnzhǔjiào, "religion of the patrons") is the indigenous religion of the Bai people, an ethnic group of Yunnan. Meanwhile, remnants of the later arrivals maintain communities in Shanghai and Hong Kong. The following table details which religions are expanded by which DLC (in order of appearance). Das Wirtschaftswachstum in China ist enorm. Disillusioned with the widespread vulgarisation of the rituals to access Tian, he began to preach an ethical interpretation of traditional Zhou religion. [218] Jiào (教 "teaching") is connected to filial piety (xiao), as it implies the transmission of knowledge from the elders to the youth and of support from the youth to the elders. Please try again later. [244] Sanyiism is another folk religious organisation founded in the 16th century, which is present in the Putian region (Xinghua) of Fujian where it is legally recognised. Deine E-Mail-Adresse wird nicht veröffentlicht. Two of these tantras report that the Shakta master Vaśiṣṭha paid visit to China specifically with the purpose of learning Cīnācāra from the Taoists. The state protects normal religious activities. You're signed out. This was also the case in the Buddhist context, with many monasteries' names containing this element. Chinese Catholics resisted the new government's move towards state control and independence from the Vatican. The Chinese : The Religion of Talking About Religion davon sind wir getreu und scharf befragen dir mit unserem Preisvergleich einen Shopping-Partner für alle Lebenslagen zur Blatt Papier. Um unsere Webseite für Sie optimal zu gestalten und fortlaufend verbessern zu können, verwenden wir Cookies. Taoism has had profound influence on Chinese culture over the course of the centuries, and Taoists (Chinese: 道士; pinyin: dàoshi, "masters of the Tao") usually take care to mark the distinction between their ritual tradition and those of vernacular orders which are not recognised as Taoist. Popular cults were regulated by imperial policies, promoting certain deities while suppressing others. During a military mission in Hanning (modern southwest Shaanxi), Xiu either died in battle or was killed by Lu himself, who incorporated Xiu's followers and seized the city, which he renamed Hanzhong. [214] The combination of zong (宗) and jiao (教), which now corresponds to "religion", was in circulation since the Tang dynasty in Chan circles to define the Buddhist doctrine. In contemporary China, the most popular forms of Chinese Buddhism are the Pure Land and Chan schools. Jahrhundert zurück, bevor er sich schließlich in der Tang-Dynastie durchsetzte. [223] Since the 2000s, Chinese scholars have proposed names to identify it more clearly, including "Chinese native religion" or "Chinese indigenous religion" (民俗宗教 mínsú zōngjiào), "Chinese ethnic religion" (民族宗教 mínzú zōngjiào), or simply "Chinese religion" (中華教 Zhōnghuájiào), "Shenism" (神教 Shénjiào) and "Shenxianism" (神仙教 Shénxiānjiào, "religion of deities and immortals"). [252], China has a long history of sectarian traditions, called "salvationist religions" (救度宗教 jiùdù zōngjiào) by some scholars, which are characterised by a concern for salvation (moral fulfillment) of the person and the society, having a soteriological and eschatological character. Most Chinese were allowed to worship as they felt best. For religion in the Republic of China, see, ❶ One version of the Shang grapheme for the nominal, Graphic representations of various analyses, Latter Han: popular millenarian and early Taoist churches, The period of division of the Six Dynasties, The suppressions of Buddhism and foreign religions, Definition of what in China is spiritual and religious, Concepts of religion, tradition and doctrine, Anti-metaphysical and anti-theistic thoughts. [369], In recent decades the Communist Party of China has remained intolerant of Christian churches outside party control,[370][371] looking with distrust on organisations with international ties. Seit Jahren sperrt China die islamische Minderheit der Uiguren in sogenannte Umerziehungslager. [75], Under the influence of foreign cultures and thought systems, new concepts to refer to the supreme God were formulated, such as Tiānzhōngtiān (天中天 "God of the Gods"), seemingly introduced by Yuezhi Buddhist missionaries to render the Sanskrit Devātideva (of the same meaning) or Bhagavān from their Iranian sources. The Three-Self Patriotic Movement institutionalised Protestant churches in official organisations that renounced foreign funding and foreign control as imperialist. 2005: a survey of the religiosity of urban Chinese from the five cities of. [330] The Chinese sage Confucius is worshipped in Bon as a holy king, master of magic and divination. [82], As a reaction, the Boxer Rebellion at the turn of the century (1899–1901) would have been inspired by indigenous Chinese movements against the influence of Christian missionaries—"devils" as they were called by the Boxers—and Western colonialism. [347] It is a polytheistic-monistic and shamanic religion centered on the creator god usually expressed as Buluotuo, the mythical primordial ancestor of the Zhuang. [41] As the Zhou reign collapsed, traditional values were abandoned resulting in a period of moral decline. One of them was the "Silk Route by Sea" that started from the Coromandel Coast in southeast India and reached Southeast Asia and then southeastern Chinese cities; another route was that from the ancient kingdom of Kamrupa, through upper Burma, reaching Yunnan; a third route is the well-known Silk Route reaching northwest China, which was the main route through which Buddhism spread into China. Untergruppen sind der sunnitische und der schiitische Islam. [267], Guy Alitto points out that there was "literally no equivalent for the Western (and later worldwide) concept of 'Confucianism' in traditional Chinese discourse". Quote: "According to Dean, 'in the rural sector... if one takes a rough figure of 1000 people per village living in 680,000 administrative villages and assume an average of two or three temples per village, one arrives at a figure of over 680 million villagers involved in some way with well over a million temples and their rituals'. Many ethnic minority groups in China follow their own traditional ethnic religions: Benzhuism of the Bai, Bimoism of the Yi, Bön of the Tibetans, Dongbaism of the Nakhi, Miao folk religion, Qiang folk religion, Yao folk religion, Zhuang folk religion, Mongolian shamanism or Tengerism, and Manchu shamanism among Manchus. The Tibetan tradition has also been gaining a growing influence among the Han Chinese. Die moderne Kaiserzeit begann 221 v. Most of them left China after the war, the rest relocating prior to, or immediately after, the establishment of the People's Republic. }}, Han Chinese culture embodies a concept of religion that differs from the one that is common in the Abrahamic traditions, which are based on the belief in an omnipotent God who exists outside the world and human race and has complete power over them. [381]:134, In the 7th century there was an intellectual exchange between Taoists and Shaktas in India, with the translation of the Daodejing in Sanskrit. [253], Many redemptive religions of the 20th and 21st century aspire to embody and reform Chinese tradition in the face of Western modernism and materialism. A genocide happening right now! Besides the waning Zhou ritual system, what may be defined as "wild" (野 yě) traditions, or traditions "outside of the official system", developed as attempts to access the will of Tian. Google's free service instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Taoism was suppressed during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s and early 1970s but its traditions endured in secrecy and revived in following decades. Li is a system of ritual norms and propriety of behaviour which determine how a person should act in everyday life. In addition, Western and Korean missionaries are being expelled. "Tian" itself started to be used, linguistically, as an affix in composite names to mean "heavenly" or "divine". At least one prominent pastor who protested was arrested on charges of misusing church funds. The Buddhist community shew a greater balance of male and female believers. 1%). [19] The Shang dynasty's identification of Shangdi as their ancestor-god had asserted their claim to power by divine right; the Zhou transformed this claim into a legitimacy based on moral power, the Mandate of Heaven. China blickt auf eine rund fünftausendjährige Geschichte zurück. Nichiren Buddhism promises both immediate relief from daily problems as well as this-worldly benefits. Er umfasst weite Teile Zentral- und Ostasiens. While many think of China as a homogenous culture, it may surprise you to learn that the religious scene in China is quite diverse. In the decades following the Second World War, however, many Chinese intellectuals and academic scholars in the West, among whom Tu Weiming, reversed this assessment. Hinduism (印度教 Yìndùjiào) entered China around the same time as Buddhism, generally imported by Indian merchants, from different routes. Reported in, Data from the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2010 for Chinese ancestorists, and from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009 for Christians. Later, the Manichaean bishop Mihr-Ohrmazd, who was Mōzak's pupil, also came to China, where he was granted an audience by empress Wu Zetian (684–704), and according to later Buddhist sources he presented at the throne the Erzongjing ("Text of the Two Principles") that became the most popular Manichaean scripture in China. Klicke hier für eine Anleitung die dir zeigt, wie du JavaScript in deinem Browser aktivierst. According to scholarly opinion, "the great majority of China's population of 1.4 billion" takes part in Chinese cosmological religion, its rituals and festivals of the lunar calendar, without belonging to any institutional teaching. They are local gods and deified ancestors of the Bai nation. Fundamental elements of a theology and spiritual explanation for the nature of the universe harken back to this period and were further elaborated in the Axial Age. In such harsh conditions, while the imperial cult continued the sacrifices to the cosmological gods, common people estranged from the rationalism of the state religion found solace in enlightened masters and in reviving and perpetuating more or less abandoned cults of national, regional and local divinities that better represented indigenous identities. Fast zeitgleich entwickelte sich mit d… [note 8] Northern and southern folk religions also have a different pantheon, of which the northern one is composed of more ancient gods of Chinese mythology. [360] The scholar Richard Madsen noted that "the Christian God then becomes one in a pantheon of local gods among whom the rural population divides its loyalties". [303] However, shamanic traditions continued uninterrupted within the folk religion and found precise and functional forms within Taoism. [278] Yi is "righteousness", which consists in the ability to always maintain a moral disposition to do good things. Although the name "Taiyi" became prominent in the Han, it harkens back to the Warring States, as attested in the poem The Supreme Oneness Gives Birth to Water, and possibly to the Shang dynasty as Dàyī (大一 "Big Oneness"), an alternative name for Shangs' (and universe's) greatest ancestor. The CFPS 2014 survey, published in early 2017, found that 15.87% of the Chinese declare to be Buddhists, 5.94% to belong to unspecified other religions, 0.85% to be Taoists, 0.81% to be members of the popular sects, 2.53% to be Christians (2.19% Protestants and 0.34% Catholics) and 0.45% to be Muslims. They used a variety of writings by Confucius and his followers to coin a new "-ism"—"Confucianism"—which they presented as a "rationalist secular-ethical code", not as a religion. [225] Mayfair Yang (2007) studied how rituals and temples interweave to form networks of grassroots socio-economic capital for the welfare of local communities, fostering the circulation of wealth and its investment in the "sacred capital" of temples, gods and ancestors. Christianity and Islam arrived in China in the 7th century. Curiously, in the Far East the Zoroastrians were regarded as "Heaven worshippers" rather than "fire worshippers" (in Japanese the name of the religion is Kenkyō, the same as in Chinese). Die sogenannten ethnischen Minderheiten, wie die Uiguren, Kasachen oder Usbeken, als auch die von der Regierung als „Hui-Chinesen“ bezeichneten Gläubigen, praktizieren den islamischen Glauben. [21], John C. Didier and David Pankenier relate the shapes of both the ancient Chinese characters for Di and Tian to the patterns of stars in the northern skies, either drawn, in Didier's theory by connecting the constellations bracketing the north celestial pole as a square,[22] or in Pankenier's theory by connecting some of the stars which form the constellations of the Big Dipper and broader Ursa Major, and Ursa Minor (Little Dipper). Kyoto ist die ehemalige Hauptstadt von Japan, und seine Geschichte, Kultur, Tempel, Schreine und traditionellen Gebäuden locken sowohl nationale als auch internationale Touristen an. [282], Other forms of revival are folk religious movements of salvation[283] with a Confucian focus, or Confucian churches, for example the Yidan xuetang (一耽学堂) of Beijing,[284] the Mengmutang (孟母堂) of Shanghai,[285] Confucian Shenism (儒宗神教 Rúzōng Shénjiào) or the phoenix churches,[286] the Confucian Fellowship (儒教道坛 Rújiào Dàotán) of northern Fujian,[286] and ancestral temples of the Kong (Confucius') lineage operating as churches for Confucian teaching.[285]. [106], The Associated Press reported in September 2018 that "Xi is waging the most severe systematic suppression of Christianity in the country since religious freedom was written into the Chinese constitution in 1982. Didier has studied the parallels that the Yellow Emperor's mythology has in other cultures, deducing a plausible ancient origin of the myth in Siberia or in north Asia. During the same period, Chan Buddhism grew to become the largest sect in Chinese Buddhism. The first, "spirit", is in the sense of "human spirit" or "psyche". [19], Despite this great diversity, all experiences of Chinese religion have a common theological core that may be summarised in four cosmological and moral concepts:[238] Tian (天), Heaven, the "transcendently immanent" source of moral meaning; qi (气), the breath or energy–matter that animates the universe; jingzu (敬祖), the veneration of ancestors; and bao ying (报应), moral reciprocity; together with two traditional concepts of fate and meaning:[239] ming yun (命运), the personal destiny or burgeoning; and yuan fen (缘分), "fateful coincidence",[240] good and bad chances and potential relationships. The first is a grassroots revival of cults dedicated to local deities and ancestors, led by shamans; the second way is a promotion of the religion on the institutional level, through a standardisation of Moism elaborated by Zhuang government officials and intellectuals. Correctly performed rituals move society in alignment with earthly and heavenly (astral) forces, establishing the harmony of the three realms—Heaven, Earth and humanity. [234]:105–106 The Zhengyi school is especially intertwined with local cults, with Zhengyi daoshi (道士, "masters of the Tao", otherwise commonly translated simply the "Taoists", since common followers and folk believers who are not part of Taoist orders are not identified as such) performing rituals for local temples and communities. The competing factions of the Confucians and the fāngshì (方士 "masters of directions"), regarded as representatives of the ancient religious tradition inherited from previous dynasties, concurred in the formulation of Han state religion, the former pushing for a centralisation of religio-political power around the worship of the God of Heaven by the emperor, while the latter emphasising the multiplicity of the local gods and the theology of the Yellow Emperor. The proliferation of foreign religions in the Tang, especially Buddhist sects, entailed that each of them conceived their own ideal "Heaven". [323] While both are regarded as the "mediators between humanity and the divine", the shamans are initiated through a "spiritual inspiration" (which involves illness or vision)[323] whereas the bimo—who are always males with few exceptions[324]—are literates, who may read and write traditional Yi script, have a tradition of theological and ritual scriptures, and are initiated through a tough edicational process.[325]. [287] In 2009, Zhou Beichen founded another institution which inherits the idea of Kang Youwei's Confucian Church, the Holy Hall of Confucius (孔圣堂 Kǒngshèngtáng) in Shenzhen, affiliated with the Federation of Confucian Culture of Qufu City. [71]:821–822 China's earliest known Buddhist temple, the White Horse Temple, was established outside the walls of the capital Luoyang during Emperor Ming's reign. Die Mehrheit der Chinesen gehört offiziell keiner Konfession an. The former festival is to worship the God of Heaven, while the latter is dedicated to the god of mountains.
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